User posts Maddison
06 January 2023 09:21
[ON MODERATION]
What exactly is Contour Interval?
A contour interval is the vertical distance or difference in elevation between two contour lines of the topographical map. There are usually different contour intervals on various maps.
When considering the size of the space to be mapped the contour intervals are considered. On every maps, in the right bottom the contour interval is indicated.
If the contour range is not stated on the maps, it could be calculated using the methods described in the sections below. The most commonly used range of contours is around 20 feet on the 1:24,000 scale map.
Also Read: Floating Slab
How can I calculate Contour Interval using Maps?
A contour map is made up of contour lines within an area of a particular geographical. To make the contour map easy to comprehend it is not necessary that every contour line is labeled with its elevation reading. The lines that are marked or labeled are called Index Contour Lines.
In the above image the dark lines that have readings are contour lines that are indexes. The method of calculating the contour intervals can be done as follows:
Step 1:
The first step is to locate 2 index contour lines which are marked with a specific elevation.
Step 2:
Then calculate what is the difference in the two index contour line from the map. To calculate this difference subtracting the upper elevated line from the reading of the lower elevated line.
Step 3:
Now , you can count the number non-index lines that contour lines are between the two contour lines used for the contour interval calculation in the initial step.
Step 4:
The line count obtained during the previous step is added and rounded to 1. For instance, if the lines that lie between two index lines is five. Then , add 1 to 5, and it becomes 6.
Step 5:
The last step is the ratio from the differences between two index lines (step 2) and the number of lines between the two index lines plus one (step five).
Step 6:
The final result we get after division the contour interval from the topographic map that is specific to it.
Also Read: Spread Footing
An Example of Calculation for Contour Intervals:
Based on the above map and the steps to follow in calculating the contour interval is to take the following example: 7100 and 7000, and determine the interval in between. The difference between 7100 the 7100 value is 7100 + 700=100. The total numbers of contour lines between 7100 and 7000 is 4. The addition of 1 to 4 is 4 + 1=5. Then divide 100 by 5 100/5=20 units A contour Interval on the previous map is 20 units.
The characteristics of Contour in Surveying
The most important aspect of the contour could be summarized as in the following manner:
1. The horizontal distance between two contour lines is a measure of the slope of the line and changes in inverse proportion to the slope.
2. Two contours with different elevations do not meet, except when there is the cliff's overhang.
3. Contours with different elevations do not join to create a single contour, except for the vertical cliff.
4. Contours that lie close to each other show steep slopes, while contours that are drawn separately represent a gentle slope.
5. Equally spaced contours show an even slope. If you draw the contours parallel to each other, parallel, and straight these contours represent sloped plane surfaces.
6. A contour line should be able to close to the map, but does not have to be within the boundaries of the map.
7. Any point of contour is parallel to the slope of the slope that is steepest at that point.
8. Irregular contours indicate uneven surfaces.
9. The same contours are required on both sides of a valley or a valley.
10. Contours don't have sharp turns.
11. Closed contours that are concentric and with lower values towards the middle are indicative of a pond.
12. Closed contours that are approximately concentric with higher values towards the middle indicate hills.
13. Contour lines in U-shape that show convexity toward the ground mark the ridge.
14. Contour lines that are V-shaped and have convexity toward higher ground are signs of valleys.
15. Contours at different elevations can't cross one another. If contour lines cross this indicates the existence of cliffs that hang overhanging or caves.
16. Contours don't travel through permanent structures, like buildings.
Also Read: Tributary Area
A contour interval is the vertical distance or difference in elevation between two contour lines of the topographical map. There are usually different contour intervals on various maps.
When considering the size of the space to be mapped the contour intervals are considered. On every maps, in the right bottom the contour interval is indicated.
If the contour range is not stated on the maps, it could be calculated using the methods described in the sections below. The most commonly used range of contours is around 20 feet on the 1:24,000 scale map.
Also Read: Floating Slab
How can I calculate Contour Interval using Maps?
A contour map is made up of contour lines within an area of a particular geographical. To make the contour map easy to comprehend it is not necessary that every contour line is labeled with its elevation reading. The lines that are marked or labeled are called Index Contour Lines.
In the above image the dark lines that have readings are contour lines that are indexes. The method of calculating the contour intervals can be done as follows:
Step 1:
The first step is to locate 2 index contour lines which are marked with a specific elevation.
Step 2:
Then calculate what is the difference in the two index contour line from the map. To calculate this difference subtracting the upper elevated line from the reading of the lower elevated line.
Step 3:
Now , you can count the number non-index lines that contour lines are between the two contour lines used for the contour interval calculation in the initial step.
Step 4:
The line count obtained during the previous step is added and rounded to 1. For instance, if the lines that lie between two index lines is five. Then , add 1 to 5, and it becomes 6.
Step 5:
The last step is the ratio from the differences between two index lines (step 2) and the number of lines between the two index lines plus one (step five).
Step 6:
The final result we get after division the contour interval from the topographic map that is specific to it.
Also Read: Spread Footing
An Example of Calculation for Contour Intervals:
Based on the above map and the steps to follow in calculating the contour interval is to take the following example: 7100 and 7000, and determine the interval in between. The difference between 7100 the 7100 value is 7100 + 700=100. The total numbers of contour lines between 7100 and 7000 is 4. The addition of 1 to 4 is 4 + 1=5. Then divide 100 by 5 100/5=20 units A contour Interval on the previous map is 20 units.
The characteristics of Contour in Surveying
The most important aspect of the contour could be summarized as in the following manner:
1. The horizontal distance between two contour lines is a measure of the slope of the line and changes in inverse proportion to the slope.
2. Two contours with different elevations do not meet, except when there is the cliff's overhang.
3. Contours with different elevations do not join to create a single contour, except for the vertical cliff.
4. Contours that lie close to each other show steep slopes, while contours that are drawn separately represent a gentle slope.
5. Equally spaced contours show an even slope. If you draw the contours parallel to each other, parallel, and straight these contours represent sloped plane surfaces.
6. A contour line should be able to close to the map, but does not have to be within the boundaries of the map.
7. Any point of contour is parallel to the slope of the slope that is steepest at that point.
8. Irregular contours indicate uneven surfaces.
9. The same contours are required on both sides of a valley or a valley.
10. Contours don't have sharp turns.
11. Closed contours that are concentric and with lower values towards the middle are indicative of a pond.
12. Closed contours that are approximately concentric with higher values towards the middle indicate hills.
13. Contour lines in U-shape that show convexity toward the ground mark the ridge.
14. Contour lines that are V-shaped and have convexity toward higher ground are signs of valleys.
15. Contours at different elevations can't cross one another. If contour lines cross this indicates the existence of cliffs that hang overhanging or caves.
16. Contours don't travel through permanent structures, like buildings.
Also Read: Tributary Area
09 December 2022 11:17
[ON MODERATION]
<p><a href="https://civiljungle.com/stairs-parts-names/"><strong>Stairway Parts Names</strong></a></p>
<p>Stairs are a totally critical a part of multistory homes. It may be described as a chain set of steps used for mountain climbing one ground to every other of a building. It is appropriate for strolling up a small vertical distance. There are many varieties of stairs utilized in homes and structures.</p>
<p>To examine on staircase one should apprehend its additives. There are numerous additives or components of a staircase which have their personal functions. Staircases can be in all shapes and preparations to healthy exceptional houses however the foremost components which cross as much as make any staircases are pretty common. In this article, all cutting-edge stair components are mentioned additionally.</p>
<p>Also Read: <a href="https://civiljungle.com/cinder-block-vs-concrete-block/">Cinder Bricks</a></p>
<p><strong>1. Step (Tread and Riser)</strong></p>
<p>Tread Tread is a scrap of the stairway this is stepped in. It is the pinnacle or horizontal floor to press below the feet. It is trodden on even as mountain climbing or descending the staircase. It is built to the identical thickness as different flooring. There is continually one fewer tread than risers in a staircase.</p>
<p>The ordinary horizontal distance of the steps could be the variety of threads introduced together. Riser The riser is the vertical element among every tread at the stair. Not all stairs have risers. The rise-much less steps are referred to as the open thread.</p>
<p>Open riser stairs have grown in recognition in current years. The closed tread stair has risers included. The vertical board bureaucracy the face of the step and additionally bureaucracy the distance among one step and the next.</p>
<p><strong>2. Nosing</strong></p>
<p>Nosing is the horizontal, sticking out fringe of a stair in which maximum foot site visitors occurs. Mostly, it's miles the 1/2 of-rounded molding constant to the ends of the threads uncovered in a 1/2 of which covers in which the balusters healthy into the treads.</p>
<p>Nosing is the threshold of the tread projecting past the face of the riser and the face of a reduce string. This is in which the thread above a riser overhangs it. In a few cases, tread won't have a nosing</p>
<p><strong>3. Bullnose</strong></p>
<p>It is referred to as Starting footstep. When stairs are unbolted on one or each sides, the preliminary step above the decrease ground can be wilder than the alternative steps and rounded.</p>
<p>A double bullnose refers to a staircase that isn't always in opposition to a wall and consequently there's a bullnose at each ends of the beginning step.</p>
<p>Also Read: <a href="https://civiljungle.com/tremie-pipe/">Tremie Pipe</a></p>
<p><strong>4. String</strong></p>
<p>It is likewise referred to as a stringer or stringer board. There are structural helps that run alongside both aspect of the staircase, aleven though the treads can be supported in lots of different ways. The stringers are from time to time notched in order that the risers and treads healthy into them.</p>
<p><strong>5. Winders</strong></p>
<p>Winders are the stairs which are narrower on one aspect than the alternative. A collection of winders shape a round or spiral stairway. Stairway winders or turns contain triangular treads to finish the turn. When 3 steps are used to show a 90-diploma corner, the center step is known as a kite winder as a kite double winder.</p>
<p>The Toronto Home inspection indicates that best one set of winders ought to be allowed in a staircase and the scale ought to be tripping hazards.</p>
<p><strong>6. Balustrade</strong></p>
<p>A balustrade is a collective call for the entire meeting of handrails, base rails, newels, spindles, infill, and more recent caps.</p>
<p><strong>7. Volute</strong></p>
<p>A volute is a handrail stop aspect for the curtail or bullnose footsteps that curve inward like a spiral. It is stated to be left or right-exceeded relying on which aspect of the handrail is as one faces up the steps. The element is sort of a scroll on the access of a handrail, from time to time known as a monkey's tail.</p>
<p>Available with an up-ramp, it's miles mounted at the lowest of the aspect on a beginning step, extending out from the aspect of the staircase. However, it has the maximum tough set up procedure you may locate in a staircase.</p>
<p><strong>8. Baluster</strong></p>
<p>The baluster is a time period that holds up the handrail. It is a vertical member which posts withinside the area beneathneath the banister to the treads or ground( at the aspect of a landing). Sometimes. it's miles definitely known as a protect or spindle.</p>
<p>Also Read: <a href="https://civiljungle.com/beam-bridge/">Beam Bridge Disadvantages</a></p>
<p>Stairs are a totally critical a part of multistory homes. It may be described as a chain set of steps used for mountain climbing one ground to every other of a building. It is appropriate for strolling up a small vertical distance. There are many varieties of stairs utilized in homes and structures.</p>
<p>To examine on staircase one should apprehend its additives. There are numerous additives or components of a staircase which have their personal functions. Staircases can be in all shapes and preparations to healthy exceptional houses however the foremost components which cross as much as make any staircases are pretty common. In this article, all cutting-edge stair components are mentioned additionally.</p>
<p>Also Read: <a href="https://civiljungle.com/cinder-block-vs-concrete-block/">Cinder Bricks</a></p>
<p><strong>1. Step (Tread and Riser)</strong></p>
<p>Tread Tread is a scrap of the stairway this is stepped in. It is the pinnacle or horizontal floor to press below the feet. It is trodden on even as mountain climbing or descending the staircase. It is built to the identical thickness as different flooring. There is continually one fewer tread than risers in a staircase.</p>
<p>The ordinary horizontal distance of the steps could be the variety of threads introduced together. Riser The riser is the vertical element among every tread at the stair. Not all stairs have risers. The rise-much less steps are referred to as the open thread.</p>
<p>Open riser stairs have grown in recognition in current years. The closed tread stair has risers included. The vertical board bureaucracy the face of the step and additionally bureaucracy the distance among one step and the next.</p>
<p><strong>2. Nosing</strong></p>
<p>Nosing is the horizontal, sticking out fringe of a stair in which maximum foot site visitors occurs. Mostly, it's miles the 1/2 of-rounded molding constant to the ends of the threads uncovered in a 1/2 of which covers in which the balusters healthy into the treads.</p>
<p>Nosing is the threshold of the tread projecting past the face of the riser and the face of a reduce string. This is in which the thread above a riser overhangs it. In a few cases, tread won't have a nosing</p>
<p><strong>3. Bullnose</strong></p>
<p>It is referred to as Starting footstep. When stairs are unbolted on one or each sides, the preliminary step above the decrease ground can be wilder than the alternative steps and rounded.</p>
<p>A double bullnose refers to a staircase that isn't always in opposition to a wall and consequently there's a bullnose at each ends of the beginning step.</p>
<p>Also Read: <a href="https://civiljungle.com/tremie-pipe/">Tremie Pipe</a></p>
<p><strong>4. String</strong></p>
<p>It is likewise referred to as a stringer or stringer board. There are structural helps that run alongside both aspect of the staircase, aleven though the treads can be supported in lots of different ways. The stringers are from time to time notched in order that the risers and treads healthy into them.</p>
<p><strong>5. Winders</strong></p>
<p>Winders are the stairs which are narrower on one aspect than the alternative. A collection of winders shape a round or spiral stairway. Stairway winders or turns contain triangular treads to finish the turn. When 3 steps are used to show a 90-diploma corner, the center step is known as a kite winder as a kite double winder.</p>
<p>The Toronto Home inspection indicates that best one set of winders ought to be allowed in a staircase and the scale ought to be tripping hazards.</p>
<p><strong>6. Balustrade</strong></p>
<p>A balustrade is a collective call for the entire meeting of handrails, base rails, newels, spindles, infill, and more recent caps.</p>
<p><strong>7. Volute</strong></p>
<p>A volute is a handrail stop aspect for the curtail or bullnose footsteps that curve inward like a spiral. It is stated to be left or right-exceeded relying on which aspect of the handrail is as one faces up the steps. The element is sort of a scroll on the access of a handrail, from time to time known as a monkey's tail.</p>
<p>Available with an up-ramp, it's miles mounted at the lowest of the aspect on a beginning step, extending out from the aspect of the staircase. However, it has the maximum tough set up procedure you may locate in a staircase.</p>
<p><strong>8. Baluster</strong></p>
<p>The baluster is a time period that holds up the handrail. It is a vertical member which posts withinside the area beneathneath the banister to the treads or ground( at the aspect of a landing). Sometimes. it's miles definitely known as a protect or spindle.</p>
<p>Also Read: <a href="https://civiljungle.com/beam-bridge/">Beam Bridge Disadvantages</a></p>
09 December 2022 11:12
[ON MODERATION]
Stairway Parts Names
Stairs are a totally critical a part of multistory homes. It may be described as a chain set of steps used for mountain climbing one ground to every other of a building. It is appropriate for strolling up a small vertical distance. There are many varieties of stairs utilized in homes and structures.
To examine on staircase one should apprehend its additives. There are numerous additives or components of a staircase which have their personal functions.
Staircases can be in all shapes and preparations to healthy exceptional houses however the foremost components which cross as much as make any staircases are pretty common. In this article, all cutting-edge stair components are mentioned additionally.
Also Read: Cinder Bricks
1. Step (Tread and Riser)
Tread
Tread is a scrap of the stairway this is stepped in. It is the pinnacle or horizontal floor to press below the feet. It is trodden on even as mountain climbing or descending the staircase. It is built to the identical thickness as different flooring. There is continually one fewer tread than risers in a staircase. The ordinary horizontal distance of the steps could be the variety of threads introduced together.
Riser
The riser is the vertical element among every tread at the stair. Not all stairs have risers. The rise-much less steps are referred to as the open thread. Open riser stairs have grown in recognition in current years. The closed tread stair has risers included. The vertical board bureaucracy the face of the step and additionally bureaucracy the distance among one step and the next.
2. Nosing
Nosing is the horizontal, sticking out fringe of a stair in which maximum foot site visitors occurs. Mostly, it's miles the 1/2 of-rounded molding constant to the ends of the threads uncovered in a 1/2 of which covers in which the balusters healthy into the treads. Nosing is the threshold of the tread projecting past the face of the riser and the face of a reduce string. This is in which the thread above a riser overhangs it. In a few cases, tread won't have a nosing
3. Bullnose
It is referred to as Starting footstep. When stairs are unbolted on one or each sides, the preliminary step above the decrease ground can be wilder than the alternative steps and rounded. A double bullnose refers to a staircase that isn't always in opposition to a wall and consequently there's a bullnose at each ends of the beginning step.
Also Read: Tremie Pipe
4. String
It is likewise referred to as a stringer or stringer board. There are structural helps that run alongside both aspect of the staircase, aleven though the treads can be supported in lots of different ways. The stringers are from time to time notched in order that the risers and treads healthy into them.
5. Winders
Winders are the stairs which are narrower on one aspect than the alternative. A collection of winders shape a round or spiral stairway. Stairway winders or turns contain triangular treads to finish the turn. When 3 steps are used to show a 90-diploma corner, the center step is known as a kite winder as a kite double winder. The Toronto Home inspection indicates that best one set of winders ought to be allowed in a staircase and the scale ought to be tripping hazards.
6. Balustrade
A balustrade is a collective call for the entire meeting of handrails, base rails, newels, spindles, infill, and more recent caps.
7. Volute
A volute is a handrail stop aspect for the curtail or bullnose footsteps that curve inward like a spiral. It is stated to be left or right-exceeded relying on which aspect of the handrail is as one faces up the steps. The element is sort of a scroll on the access of a handrail, from time to time known as a monkey's tail. Available with an up-ramp, it's miles mounted at the lowest of the aspect on a beginning step, extending out from the aspect of the staircase. However, it has the maximum tough set up procedure you may locate in a staircase.
8. Baluster
The baluster is a time period that holds up the handrail. It is a vertical member which posts withinside the area beneathneath the banister to the treads or ground( at the aspect of a landing). Sometimes. it's miles definitely known as a protect or spindle.
Also Read: Beam Bridge Disadvantages
Stairs are a totally critical a part of multistory homes. It may be described as a chain set of steps used for mountain climbing one ground to every other of a building. It is appropriate for strolling up a small vertical distance. There are many varieties of stairs utilized in homes and structures.
To examine on staircase one should apprehend its additives. There are numerous additives or components of a staircase which have their personal functions.
Staircases can be in all shapes and preparations to healthy exceptional houses however the foremost components which cross as much as make any staircases are pretty common. In this article, all cutting-edge stair components are mentioned additionally.
Also Read: Cinder Bricks
1. Step (Tread and Riser)
Tread
Tread is a scrap of the stairway this is stepped in. It is the pinnacle or horizontal floor to press below the feet. It is trodden on even as mountain climbing or descending the staircase. It is built to the identical thickness as different flooring. There is continually one fewer tread than risers in a staircase. The ordinary horizontal distance of the steps could be the variety of threads introduced together.
Riser
The riser is the vertical element among every tread at the stair. Not all stairs have risers. The rise-much less steps are referred to as the open thread. Open riser stairs have grown in recognition in current years. The closed tread stair has risers included. The vertical board bureaucracy the face of the step and additionally bureaucracy the distance among one step and the next.
2. Nosing
Nosing is the horizontal, sticking out fringe of a stair in which maximum foot site visitors occurs. Mostly, it's miles the 1/2 of-rounded molding constant to the ends of the threads uncovered in a 1/2 of which covers in which the balusters healthy into the treads. Nosing is the threshold of the tread projecting past the face of the riser and the face of a reduce string. This is in which the thread above a riser overhangs it. In a few cases, tread won't have a nosing
3. Bullnose
It is referred to as Starting footstep. When stairs are unbolted on one or each sides, the preliminary step above the decrease ground can be wilder than the alternative steps and rounded. A double bullnose refers to a staircase that isn't always in opposition to a wall and consequently there's a bullnose at each ends of the beginning step.
Also Read: Tremie Pipe
4. String
It is likewise referred to as a stringer or stringer board. There are structural helps that run alongside both aspect of the staircase, aleven though the treads can be supported in lots of different ways. The stringers are from time to time notched in order that the risers and treads healthy into them.
5. Winders
Winders are the stairs which are narrower on one aspect than the alternative. A collection of winders shape a round or spiral stairway. Stairway winders or turns contain triangular treads to finish the turn. When 3 steps are used to show a 90-diploma corner, the center step is known as a kite winder as a kite double winder. The Toronto Home inspection indicates that best one set of winders ought to be allowed in a staircase and the scale ought to be tripping hazards.
6. Balustrade
A balustrade is a collective call for the entire meeting of handrails, base rails, newels, spindles, infill, and more recent caps.
7. Volute
A volute is a handrail stop aspect for the curtail or bullnose footsteps that curve inward like a spiral. It is stated to be left or right-exceeded relying on which aspect of the handrail is as one faces up the steps. The element is sort of a scroll on the access of a handrail, from time to time known as a monkey's tail. Available with an up-ramp, it's miles mounted at the lowest of the aspect on a beginning step, extending out from the aspect of the staircase. However, it has the maximum tough set up procedure you may locate in a staircase.
8. Baluster
The baluster is a time period that holds up the handrail. It is a vertical member which posts withinside the area beneathneath the banister to the treads or ground( at the aspect of a landing). Sometimes. it's miles definitely known as a protect or spindle.
Also Read: Beam Bridge Disadvantages